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The Clauses

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English English Grammar & Composition | - | NCTB BOOK
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Identification of Clauses

Clause বাক্যের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ। Complex এবং compound sentence-এ একের অধিক clause থাকে। 

Definition of Clause: কোনো বাক্যাংশের মধ্যে যদি একটি subject ও একটি finite verb থাকে এবং উহা যখন একটি পূর্ণ বাক্যের অংশ হিসেবে কাজ করে তখন তাকে Clause বলে ।

Kinds of Clauses Clause-কে সাধারণত তিনভাগে ভাগ করা হয়।

i. Principal Clause বা Independent Clause 

ii. Subordinate Clause বা Dependent Clause

iii. Co-ordinate Clause

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Principal clause

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Principal/ Independent Clause

যে Clause তার অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য অন্য কোনো Clause-এর উপর নির্ভর করে না বরং নিজেই স্বয়ং সম্পূর্ণভাবে নিজের অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে তাকে Principal Clause বা Main Clause বলে ।

We enjoy the cricket match which was amazing.

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Subordinate clause

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Subordinate/Dependent Clause

যে Clause নিজে নিজে পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না, অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য Principal Clause-এর উপর নির্ভর করে তাকে Subordinate Clause/Dependent Clause বলে। Subordinate Clause সাধারণত একটি Subordinating Conjunction যেমন- when, while, before, after, till, until, who, which, whom, since, though, although, if, unless ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

Rahim said that he was good.

Classification of Subordinate Clause: 

1) Noun Clause 2) Adjective Clause 3) Adverbial Clause
 

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Noun clause

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Noun Clause

কোনো Clause যদি Noun-এর কাজ করে তবে তাকে Noun Clause বলে। Noun Clause সাধারনত  that, what, how, why, whether etc দ্বারা সূচিত হয়। আগেই উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে যে ৬টি বিষয় Noun-এর কাজ করে। কোনো Clause যদি এই ৬টি অবস্থানে আসে তাহলে তাকে Noun Clause হিসেবে গণ্য করতে হবে। সেই ৬টি বিষয় হলো :

A. Subject:

That he is very intelligent is known to me.

B. Object:

I know where he lives. 

Hints: Where দেখে অনেকে মনে করেন এটি Adverbial Clause। কিন্তু আসলে এটি know verb এর object হওয়ায় Noun Clause হবে।

He asked me why I was late.

Hints: Ask verb-টি একটি di-transitive verb বা দ্বিকর্ম বিশিষ্ট ক্রিয়া । Me হচ্ছে উহার ১ম object, আর উক্ত clause-টি হয় object হওয়ায় Noun Clause হয়েছে।

C. Preposition-এর object:

Listen to what I say.

We cannot depend on what he said.

D. Subject Complement:

The question is how he will respond.

E) Object Complement:

We named our house what he suggested.

You may call the man whatever you like.

F. Appositive:

The news that he has come back is not true.

Hints: এখানে Clause-টি necus-এর পরিচিতিমূলক বর্ণনা, তাই Noun Clause, কিন্তু that clause যদি nervs-কে modify করে তাহলে তা Adjective Clause হবে। যেমন—

The news that you gave me is not true.

Note: Subject + be verb + adjective + that clause হয় সেগুলোর That clause-কে Noun Clause হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। যেমন--

Tam glad that you have passed the exam.

It is obvious that he was wrong

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

He explained that he was delayed by bad weather
he is my uncle who works in Australia
if you are happy, you can eat a banana
when I was five I went to a primary school
Noun clause
Adverbial clause
adjective clause
Subordinate clause

Adjective clause/ Relative clause

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Adjective Clause

যে Clause কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-এর পরে বসে এটিকে বিশেষিত (modify) করে তাকে Adjective Clause বলে। এ ধরনের Clause-এর শুরুতে who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why of Conjunction থাকে। সাধারণভাবে Adjective Clause-গুলো relative pronoun দ্বারা শুরু হয়ে থাকে । Adjective Clause-এর Relative Pronoun নিম্নোক্ত অবস্থান নিতে পারে :

A. Subject: The man who came here is my brother.

B. Object: The man whom you saw here is my brother.

C. Object of Preposition The man to whom you spoke is my brother.

D. Possessive: The man whose car broke down is my brother.

>>>Adjective Clause-এর Relative Pronoun যদি object-এর স্থলে থাকে তাহলে সেই Relative Pronoun-কে বাদ দেয়া যায়। 

যেমন— The man whom you saw here is brother। বাক্যটিতে Whom, object-এর  থাকায় এটিকে বাদ দিয়ে লেখা যায় এভাবে—

The man you saw here is my brother.

The news he gave me was false.

>>>Adjective Clause-এর Relative Pronoun যদি Preposition-এর  Object-এর স্থলে বসে তাহলে সেই relative pronoun-কে বাদ দেয়া যায়। তবে শর্ত হলো। তখন Preposition-টি clause-এর verb-এর পরে বসে।

যেমন—The man you spoke to is my brother.

>>>When, where, why বা how দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া কোনো Clause যদি তার পূর্ববর্তী Noun/Pronoun- কে modify বা বিশেষিত করে তখন ঐ Clause-টি Adjective Clause হয়ে যায়।

I remember the place where I was born.

I knew the reason why he was angry.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Defining/Restrictive relative clause

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যে relative clause-গুলো noun-কে define (সংজ্ঞায়িত) বা identify (সনাক্ত) করে সেইসব relative clause কে defining/identifying/ restrictive relative clause বলে।

 What's the name of the tall man who just came in?

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Non-Defining/Non-Restrictive relative clause

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যে relative clause-গুলো noun সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয় সেসব relative clause কে non-defining /non-identifying/non-restrictive relative clause বলে। যে, relative clause-টি noun-এর পর কমা (,) দিয়ে পরবর্তী clause টি লিখতে হয়।

This is Ms Rogers, who's joining the firm next week.

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Adverbial clause

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Adverbial Clause

যে clause টি verb কে modify করে তাকে Adverbial clause বলে। সাধারণত verb-কে when, where, why, how দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে প্রাপ্ত উত্তরটি Adverbial Clause হবে ।

 I shall go where he lives. 

Kinds of Adverbial Clauses:

A) Adverbial clause of Time

B) Adverbial clause of place

C)  Adverbial clause of Reason

D)  Adverbial clause of Manner

E) Adverbial clause of Concession

F)  Adverbial clause of Condition

G)  Adverbial clause of Comparison

H)  Adverbial clause of Degree

I)  Adverbial clause of result

J)  Adverbial clause of purpose

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Adverbial clause of Time

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Adverbial Clause of Time: Before, after, when, whenever, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়।

When I was 5, I went to a school.

The patient had died before the doctor came.

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Adverbial clause of Place

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Adverbial Clause of Place: Where, wherever, whenever দ্বারা শুরু হয়।

You may go wherever you like.

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Adverbial clause of Reason

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Adverbial Clause of Reason: Because, since, as ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়। 

He often visits Spain because he likes the climate. 

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Adverbial clause of Effect

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We use the adverbs of cause and effect in case and just in case to state the reason for why we are doing something earlier than expected or in advance

For example; In case it rains later, John brought his umbrella to school. 

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Adverbial clause of Purpose

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A clause which is used to tell you about the purpose of the verb in the main clause is called adverb clause of purpose.
Adverb clauses of purpose are introduced by the subordinating conjunction that, so that, in order that, in order to and lest. Moreover, these expressions are usually followed by modal auxiliary verbs such as will, can, may, could or might.

  • We play well so that we may win.
  • Play carefully lest you should lose.
  • He gripped his brother’s arm lest he be trampled by the mob.
  • We left early in order that guests might reach home before us.
  • I learn English in order to increase the standard of living.
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Adverbial clause of condition

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Adverbial Clause of Condition: If, unless, provided, providing that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়।

-If you come, I will go. 

-You cannot pass unless you study hard.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

a noun
an adjective condition
an adverbial clause of condition
an adverbial clause of preposition

Adverbial clause of manner

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Adverbial Clause of Manner: as, how etc. দ্বারা শুরু হয়ে verb-এর কাজটি কীভাবে, কেমন করে সম্পাদিত হয় তা বর্ণনা করে।

Do the work as show you.

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Adverbial clause of Comparison

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Adverbial Clause of Comparison:  এতে  than থাকে। 

-He is wiser than I thought.

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Adverbial clause of Concession

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Adverbial Clause of Concession: Though, although দ্বারা শুরু হয়।

-Although he is poor, he is honest.

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Co-ordinate clause

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Co-ordinate Clause

দুটি সমজাতীয় Principle clause যদি কোন  Co-ordinating Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত হয় তখন তাকে  Co-ordinate clause বলে। সাধারণত And, or, but, so দ্বারা Co-ordinate Clause যুক্ত হয়ে থাকে। 

I took no notice of him, so he flew into rage.

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      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app90μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (30549) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app1.61msselect * from (select `questions`.`id`, `questions`.`subject_id`, `questions`.`category_id`, `questions`.`sub_category_id`, `questions`.`board_exam_id`, `questions`.`passage_id`, `questions`.`question_type`, `questions`.`question`, `questions`.`is_duplicate`, `questions`.`status`, `questions`.`image`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, row_number() over (partition by `subjectables`.`subject_id` order by `questions`.`created_at` desc) as `laravel_row` from `questions` inner join `subjectables` on `questions`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` where `subjectables`.`subject_id` in (14973, 15126, 15127, 15128, 15129, 15130, 15131, 15132, 15133, 15134, 15135, 15136, 15137, 15138, 15139, 15140, 15141, 15142) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `questions`.`status` = 'active' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null) as `laravel_table` where `laravel_row` <= 5 order by `laravel_row`
        Bindings
        • 0: App\Models\Question
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app360μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `option_1`, `option_2`, `option_3`, `option_4`, `option_5`, `image_option`, `image_question`, `answer` from `question_options` where `question_options`.`question_id` in (85786, 85863, 86533, 87904, 96108, 150469, 151751, 160774, 195543, 247921, 248058, 248200, 248275, 248822, 254086, 258180) and `question_options`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app100μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (73) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app400μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (85786, 85863, 86533, 87904, 96108, 150469, 151751, 160774, 195543, 247921, 248058, 248200, 248275, 248822, 254086, 258180) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • SubjectRepository.php#122satt_satt_mobile_app180μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 14973 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#125satt_satt_mobile_app6.75msselect `id`, `name`, `slug`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where (14116 between `subjects`.`_lft` and `subjects`.`_rgt` and `subjects`.`id` <> 14973) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null order by `_lft` asc
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:125
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#137satt_satt_mobile_app200μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 14973 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:137
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
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        • 11: 15136
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        • 13: 15138
        • 14: 15139
        • 15: 15140
        • 16: 15141
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:325
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
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        Bindings
        • 0: 0
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:340
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectService.php#82satt_satt_mobile_app260μsselect `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 14973 and `parent_id` = 14683 and `main_category_id` = 3 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
        Bindings
        • 0: 14973
        • 1: 14683
        • 2: 3
        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • restrict.blade.php#30satt_satt_mobile_app230μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
      74Subject.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      37SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      16Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
      16QuestionOption.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      3PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\User
      2User.php#?
      App\Models\SubCategory
      1SubCategory.php#?
      App\Models\Complete
      1Complete.php#?
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